Ingeniería Del Lenguaje: Identificación De Cognados Falsos

The best thing about learning Spanish from English is that there are hundreds of words – better known as “Spanish cognates” – you already know even if you never studied Spanish before in your life. But there are also words you_only_ think you know. Words like_embarazada_ . And well… that’s where you could get in trouble.

Luckily, we are coming to your aid with a comprehensive list of some of the most common English-Spanish cognates and false Spanish cognates. Read on to understand the differences and choose the correct words for your next conversation in Spanish.

What are cognates, false cognates and false friends?

In linguistics,cognates are known as words from different languages that have the same root or origin and share the same meaning. For example, when it comes to English-Spanish cognates, the common root comes from Latin and/or Greek.

As an English speaker wanting to learn Spanish, cognates give you a huge advantage when it comes to your Spanish vocabulary . Simply identifying the words that share similar spelling and meaning in English and Spanish gives you access to hundreds or maybe thousands of words you already know and could use.

Not to be confused with false friends,false cognates are words that sound and look similar but do not come from a common root. For example, the English “much” and the Spanish “mucho” are phonetically and semantically similar but came from completely different Proto-Indo-European roots.

“We are not false friends!” by Alvan Nee©

Last, but definitely not least,false friends are the trouble-makers that sound and look similar, but have completely different meanings. This is obviously the case of the Spanish word_embarazada_ which may look like the English “embarrassed” but actually translates to “pregnant”.

Do not worry though! In the following paragraphs, we will cover all the Spanish-English false friends you absolutely need to know in order to avoid… embarrassing situations.

Perfect English-Spanish cognates

The easiest Spanish cognates are those with no spelling changes. These are called “perfect cognates” because they are written the same in both English and Spanish. Nevertheless, as you might guess, the Spanish pronunciation is different.

Some of the most popular examples are: hospital, horrible, actor, artificial, agenda, animal, original, idea, flexible, vulnerable, superficial, reunion (reunión in Spanish), melon, interminable, inevitable, tropical, experimental, excursion (excursión in Spanish), capital, chocolate, probable, conclusion (conclusión in Spanish) , doctor, director, festival, general, individual, nostalgia, panorama, television (televisión in Spanish), perfume, total, similar, terror and_verbal._

Near-perfect English-Spanish cognates

Did you know that about 90% of Spanish cognates have the same meaning in English? The rest of them are, obviously, false friends words. This means you have only a 10% chance of saying something embarrassing or awkward. That’s not too bad, isn’t it? Besides, after reading this article the percent will surely drop significantly. Even below 0 if you also start learning Spanish with Mondly right now (wink wink).

But before going there, we have one more type of English-Spanish cognates: near-perfect cognates or words that have the same meaning in both languages, but slightly different spelling.

Spanish Cognates that change “-tion” to “-ción”

• action and acción
• celebration and celebración
• declaration and declaración
• evaluatio n and evaluación
• function and función
• nation and nación
• information and información
• examination and examinación
• eruption and erupción
• addition and adición

Spanish Cognates that change “-nt” to “-nte”

• abundant and abundante
• accident and accidente
• brilliant and brilliante
• efficient and eficiente
• coherent and coherente
• elegant and elegante
• tolerant and tolerante
• ignorant and ignorante
• evident and evidente
• president and presidente

Spanish cognates that change “-ate” to “ar”

• abbreviate and abreviar
• communicate and comunicar
• coordinate and coordinar
• evaluate and evaluar
• terminate and terminar
• integrate and integrar
• negotiate and negociar
• narrate and narrar
• participate and participar
• activate and activar

“Mommy, what are cognates?” by Josh Applegate©

Spanish cognates that add an “-o”

• academic and académico
• allergic and alérgico
• scientific and científico
• toxic and tóxico
• acid and acido
• rapid and rápido
• lyric and lírico
• basic and básico
• artistic and artístico
• dynamic and dinámico

Spanish cognates that add an “-ar” or an “-ir”

Spanish verbs can end in_-ar_ ,-er , or_-ir_ and each type follows its own conjugation rules. What you are about to find out is that many of these are English cognates with an added “-ar” or “-ir” in the end.

• adapt and adaptar
• comfort and confortar
• admit and admitir
• invent and inventar
• represent and representar
• insist and insistir
• cancel and cancelar
• limit and limitar
• calm and calmar
• control and controlar

Spanish cognates that change “-ly” to “-mente”

• absolutely and absolutamente
• really and realmente
• fortunately and afortunadamente
• correctly and correctamente
• finally and finalmente
• totally and totalmente
• normally and normalmente
• especially and especialmente
• completely and completamente
• exactly and exactamente

Spanish-English False Friend Words

The absolute trouble-makers, the creators of embarrassing situations, the rebels that don’t obey the rules are, undoubtedly, the false friend words. As already mentioned, these words may be similar but have completely meanings. So don’t let yourself be fooled by their appearance. Here’s a list of some of the most “dangerous” pairs of false friend words:

• embarazada and embarrassed

This definitely needs another mention. Although it looks a lot like embarrassed,embarazada actually means “pregnant” in Spanish.

• pie and pie

They may be written exactly the same, but the Spanish “pie” is pronounced_pee-eh_ and translates to “foot”. That’s surely not a confusion you’d want to make, is it?‌

• recordar and record

In Spanish, to remember something is_recordar_ (Debo recordar lavar los platos – I must remember to do the dishes). If you want to use the verb “to record” in Spanish, the word you are looking for is_grabar_ .

• molestar and molest

Contrary to its appearance,molestar in Spanish means “to annoy”. Phew, this is a really nasty one! Suddenly, what your Spanish colleague said about the boss makes a lot more sense (hahaha).

• delito and delight

Coming from the Latin_dēlictum_ (“crime, misdeed”),delito actually translates to “crime” in Spanish.

• largo and large

Even experienced Spanish second-language speakers get headaches with this one. Although it looks like the English “large”,largo actually means “long” in Spanish. Mind-twisting, I know.

“Haha! Gotcha!” by olio creative©

• enviar and to envy

Coming from Late Latin_inviāre_ , which is derived from Latin_via_ (“path, road”),enviar means “to send” in Spanish. You can also keep in mind the fact that it looks a lot like Portuguese_enviar_ , French_envoyer_ , Italian_inviare_ .

• asistir and assist

While “to assist” means “to help”, the Spanish_asistir_ means “to attend”.

• ropa and rope

Actually sharing a common root with the English “robe”,ropa translates to “clothes”. So yeah,abuela didn’t put the rope in the washing machine, but the clothes.

• éxito and exit

Imagine the bewilderment on someone’s face when you exit the cinema and ask them_“donde esta el éxito?”_ . It might get philosophical really fast. And that’s because_éxito_ actually means “success” in Spanish.

• actual and actual

Another mind-twister.Actual in Spanish actually means “current”. If you want to say “actual”, you should use_real_ or_en realidad_ for “actually”.

• realizar and realize

Realizar in Spanish means “to do” or “to perform” and not “to realize”. Tricky!

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